12 The culmination of national democratic movements in Asia, Africa and Latin

The Non-Violent Non-Cooperation Movement in India

During World War I, the British conscripted more than one million people from India, shipped millions of tons of food and military supplies, and forced India to bear hundreds of millions of pounds in military expenses, and the Indian people suffered greatly. 1918-1919 saw agricultural failures and disease epidemics in India, and more than 10 million Indians lost their lives. The conflict between the Indian people and the British colonialists intensified. Under Gandhi's leadership, India embarked on a path of non-violent and non-cooperative resistance.

In 1920, Gandhi called on the Indian people to carry out a nonviolent noncooperation movement. It included: resisting work in the colonial government and courts; refusing to study in British schools; encouraging the development of handicraft textiles and boycotting British goods; refusing to pay taxes; and so on. The mass struggle started one wave after another, and in 1922 there was a burning of a police station by peasants, which Gandhi thought was beyond the scope of the nonviolent noncooperation movement and decided to stop the movement.

In 1930, Gandhi again launched the nonviolent noncooperation movement. This time, the movement mainly took the form of disobedience, so it was also called the "civilized disobedience movement". Gandhi made demands to the colonial government such as the reduction of field duties, the release of political prisoners, and the abolition of the salt monopoly law. After being rejected, Gandhi took opposition to the salt monopoly law as a breakthrough and led dozens of his followers to walk to the seashore and take seawater for making salt themselves. Within a few months, there was a movement against the colonial government in rural and urban India, and armed riots broke out in some places. The colonial government issued suppression orders, arrested Gandhi, and sentenced tens of thousands of people to prison. Later, the Viceroy of India negotiated with Gandhi and both sides compromised.

The nonviolent noncooperation movement launched by Gandhi mobilized the masses, combated British colonial rule, and strengthened the national self-esteem and self-confidence of the Indian people. At the same time, Gandhi controlled the way the masses struggled to prevent the outbreak of revolution and ensured the leadership of the bourgeoisie over the movement.

The Waffle Movement in Egypt

During the First World War, Egypt became a British "protectorate" and effectively a British colony. During the war, the Egyptian economy developed rapidly and the bourgeoisie grew. After the end of the war, Britain continued to maintain its rule in Egypt, which provoked strong opposition from the Egyptian people.

In 1918, Zaghlul and others demanded to the British government that Egypt be made fully independent. They organized a delegation to London to negotiate with the British government, and these people later developed into the Waffle 1 Party. The political ideas of the Waft Party were widely supported by the Egyptian people.

In 1919, the colonial government arrested Zaghlul and others, which provoked the Egyptian people to struggle against the British. There was a wave of peaceful demonstrations in major Egyptian cities and armed uprisings broke out in some areas. The scale of the anti-British struggle gradually increased. Under pressure, the colonial government released Zaghlul and others, but the British government still did not recognize Egypt's independence. After repeated struggles by the Egyptian people, the British government was forced to conditionally recognize Egypt's independence in 1922. The Waffle Movement laid the foundation for the further development of the national democratic movement in Egypt.

Cárdenas Reform in Mexico

In 1910, a bourgeois revolution took place in Mexico, and in 1917, the Mexican government promulgated a bourgeois constitution. However, this constitution was not effectively implemented, and Mexico's social and economic development was slow.

In 1934, Cárdenas was elected as the president of Mexico. In order to change the backwardness of Mexico and ensure the implementation of the constitution, he promoted a series of reforms: to combat the oligarchy and establish a centralized bourgeois democratic political system; to implement agrarian reform and distribute land nationwide to break the situation of a few people occupying a large amount of land; to nationalize the service industry and large industries and seek the independence and development of the national economy; to develop education and improve the cultural level of the people, etc. The Cárdenas Reforms were a reflection of the 1917 reform.

The Cárdenas Reform embodied the requirements of the 1917 Constitution, consolidated the achievements of the Mexican bourgeois revolution, and laid the foundation for the social and economic development of Mexico.

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